What instruction should the nurse provide to decrease the risk of transmission of an upper respiratory illness?

Covering the nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing is a critical practice to reduce the spread of upper respiratory illnesses. This action helps contain respiratory droplets that may carry infectious pathogens, preventing them from being released into the environment where they can be inhaled by others. This practice is especially important in controlling illnesses that spread through respiratory droplets, such as the common cold or influenza.

By effectively covering the nose and mouth, individuals can significantly limit the transmission of viruses and bacteria, thereby protecting others who may be in close proximity. This measure is straightforward and easily implemented, making it a fundamental part of infection control practice in various settings, including healthcare environments and community gatherings.

In contrast, other options, such as avoiding contact with sick individuals, while important, are not always practical or possible. Simply wearing a mask at all times can be excessive outside of specific settings, and limiting outdoor activities does not address transmission risks directly in everyday scenarios. The focus on proper respiratory etiquette through covering the nose and mouth emphasizes personal responsibility in disease prevention and aligns well with public health recommendations.